Native North Americans Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group Free Essays

One regularly ponders where the Native North Americans started from. A few speculations have been talked about the peopling of the Americas. Early hypotheses including lost clans and mainlands depended absolutely on hypothesis rather than genuine logical realities. We will compose a custom article test on Local North Americans: Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Disclosures made during numerous archeological undertakings have helped shape the continually changing translations by including more inquiries and more hypotheses. There have been hereditary and phonetic examinations which raised additionally understanding and brought new inquiries. It is speculated that during the last piece of the Cenozoic time, otherwise called the time of vertebrates that the Wisconsin glaciation caused enough of the planet’s water gracefully to transform into ice. This brought down the seas and uncovered presently lowered land. This occasion made a stretch of land that the huge vertebrates of the Ice Age time, alongside the locals of that time, could have relocated over the recently framed land connect, which currently associated two mainlands. This land connect is known as the Bering Strait, or Beringia. During the time that Beringia existed, the Wisconsin icy masses no doubt disallowed relocation to any southern or eastern areas. Another hypothesis proposes that the early locals may have occupied the now Alaskan district since it was without ice because of low precipitation. A few melts over some stretch of time made ways, and proof from archeological site infers that there was a sans ice hallway for a huge number of years. It was during another dissolve roughly ten thousand years prior, that a subsequent hall was in all probability framed farther east along the outskirts of Saskatchewan and Canada fields. This focuses to the likelihood that the old individuals could have voyage eastbound along the waterways in the Great Plains, and down further south. The Indians referred to history as the Sioux are otherwise called Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota, which means partners. This is my legacy. I am an individual from the biggest division of Siouan family, also called Sioux. The name is from a term given to the biggest and notable of the inborn gatherings. At once, my kin extended from the west banks of the Mississippi northward from Arkansas and the Rocky Mountains. The Dakotas likewise possessed domain east of the waterway up to Wisconsin and Missouri. They were here to experience DeSoto on his excursion in 1541, when he arrived at the Indian towns in what is presently eastern Arkansas. An additional hundred years went before any notice of Sioux existing, when in 1658 some Jesuit preachers knew about the presence of around thirty Dakota towns only north of a Potawatomi crucial. This was situated at about the head of Green Bay, Wisconsin, in St. Michael. It was during the center 1600’s when the Sioux, alongside the Arapaho and Cheyenne needed to relocate further westbound towards the Great Plains what exactly is known as North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota. This movement was essentially because of the O jibwa and Chippewa clans pushing them out of the Great Lakes district. The Ojibwa and Chippewa had been pushed out of their own property that had been further east, by the European pioneers of that time. In 1805 Lewis and Clark went through the focal point of this district and reached the Sioux clans. After this occurred, a few additional endeavors brought dealers that settled among the clans, and over the span of some time, changeless pioneers showed up. This made the region so little that inevitably the individuals of my clan had to live in Indian Territories or kept to Nebraska, the Dakotas, or Montana. This welcomed on a progression of attacks and counter assaults that endured from approximately 1850 through 1890 and were known as the Sioux Wars. In the main long periods of the twentieth century, the Dakotas otherwise called Tetons started the way toward adjusting to their better approach forever. They despite everything had solid confidence in their own customs, yet understood that the old way was gone until the end of time. Various changes with the economy and legislative issues were constrained on my kin by the legislature. The individuals strived to set up a life for themselves that utilized both new changes, yet at the same time stayed consistent with their qualities and convictions. During the remainder of the twentieth century, the entirety of the bookings for the Dakotas, Lakotas, and Tetons lost more land because of possession passes and legacies. Division between country inhabitants and individuals who live around have become greater. Country inhabitants will in general hold their utilization of local language, and be engaged with social occasions, when townspeople adjust different parts of the American culture. A large portion of the Sioux country and different gatherings of American Indians live in South Dakota, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and North Dakota at present time on privatized land made by the legislature numerous years prior. Wendy Coghill The most effective method to refer to Native North Americans: Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group, Papers

Aids work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Helps work - Coursework Example Under the Global Fund program began in 2002, rich nations chose to pay off past commitments on the obliged poor nations which additionally improved the poor countries’ condition. Ways suggested by the UN Millennium undertaking of 2005 correspondingly settled manners by which rich nations could support poor nations. 2005 onwards, yearly guide for wellbeing in the poor nations quickly expanded thus did their wellbeing status. Pundits of the guide programs are making hurt the poor nations. They are thinking little of the adequacy of helps to poor nations. Certainty is that in a profoundly globalized condition of the current age, nations rely upon one another. Poor nations rely upon rich nations for help. Research measurements show that budgetary and clinical guide programs are working adequately in settling the issues of poor nations. Accordingly, pundits ought not reprimand these projects and let them be actualized adequately. This was a useful article about the convenience and status of helps in improving the states of poor people

6 Devastating Internet Scams People Still Fall For

6 Devastating Internet Scams People Still Fall For Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!6 Devastating Internet Scams People Still Fall For (But Shouldnt)Updated On 11/08/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : InternetShort URL : https://hbb.me/2uMbBpR CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWe all hate fraudsters and hackers. Nobody of us wants to run into a scam and lose our precious wealth. Especially in a world, where every 2 out of 7 persons are frequent users of Internet. Moreover, in the US alone, 81 out of 100 people are users of Internet. That’s a damn huge number, which directly increase the threat of getting you ‘scammed’.You see the ‘Hard work’ theorem doesn’t work well for all, it just run short for few. These types of folks have mastered the art of spamming in such an extent, that they would convince you to buy ‘nothing’ with your ‘everything’. Scams are so widespread over the internet that a whopping 560 Million Dollars were lost to these internet scams. But, you don’t need to worry.Internet Scams People Still Fall ForThese expert spammers always go for a few spamming strategy. By knowing their strategy, you could easily avoid scams and beat the hell out of scammers. So here are we to throw light on some of the common yet easily trapped scams you should be aware of.6. “Please Help Us!” â€" Relief ScamsAs a human, we do care for others. So, in the time of calamities, we often tend to help others by donating. Scammers are well aware of this, and always look out for the golden time to strike their ‘scam emails’ to people’s inboxes.They would send emails (with the word ‘Help’ directly or indirectly in the subject) with a link to a fake website that would prompt you to donate either through credit or debit card. By providing details like card number, scammers indirectly gain the access to your account. Ultimately, you will find that you have paid everything, for nothing.Why You Would Fall for? Becau se of faith in humanity. Though many would consider today’s man as selfish and egoistic, there’s another half of popular too who cares for others. It’s good that you are helping others by donating, but it does matters that you are donating to. Scammers usually trap others using the concerned nature of kind-hearted people. Back in January, with the following of tragedies striking in many of US states, there was an instant increase in the activity of asking help. So was an increase of spammers.So the next time you are donating, do spend a minute or two to verify about the organization. Always make sure that you are donating your money to a reliable and verified organization.Pro tip: If you get any kind of donation request through email, don’t take any chance, as it’s undoubtedly a spam!(http://www.doj.state.or.us/consumer/pages/disaster_relief.aspx)5. “You have won 1 Million Dollars!”â€"Lottery ScamsEmails and SMSs.You would find it almost everywhere.Scammers usually tra p others by offering millions of dollars. But according to them, you just need to invest some money to get 1 Million. Once you pay them the required amount of moneyVOILA! They vanish.Ironically, it doesn’t make sense: Why would anyone give you 1 Million in exchange for 1000 Dollars?Why You Would Fall for? Simply, money can beat all of us. Money is what it matters in the present world. Where, everyone wants to get millionaire (especially without hard work). The lottery scam is not new in the scamming world, with Lottery scam itself being one of the very first scams. In the end, the victims end up with a loss of huge money or even in debt.The proverb ‘Watch before you leap’ greatly applies here!(http://www.scamwatch.gov.au/content/index.phtml/tag/lotterysweepstakescams)4. “Your Computer has been affected with Viruses”â€"Fake Softwares ScamsHumans can never get the best out of dangers and threats. We all want to stay safe and secured.Especially in a world, where the computer is a vital part of a human. One can barely think of living in today’s world without Computer and Internet. But, on the negative front, computers have been carrying more information and data which can be breached and misused.And so, our cunning advertisers have exploited this human behavior to threats and dangers. They would firstly place huge banners indicating that your ‘PC have dangerous Viruses’ and it needs to be cleaned. Secondly, they would themselves provide you a certain application which will help you to remove these viruses. Moreover, they would offer you the application for free; which makes lots of folks irresistible to miss the offer.READApiary Vs. Swagger â€" What’s the Difference?At most times, after you download that application, it will override your system; and get those all precious data sent to their servers. Sometimes, they even affect your PC with viruses. It more sounds like the doctor who stole your kidney!Why You Would Fall for? For the humans’ tendency of staying secure and protected. To fool you, they would even make it look-like an antivirus.So the next time, you download any antivirus, make sure it’s from a reputable and familiar website.(http://its.uiowa.edu/support/article/1129)3. “You are the 1000th Customer, here’s a Free Trial Exclusive for YOU”â€"Free Trials ScamsOne of the greatest marketing strategies is to sell any expensive product at an affordable discount rate. But, the latest trend is to offer it for free! Internet Marketers have always attacked everyone’s greed gland, offering them expensive stuff like dietary pills (which claim to make you slim in 7 days or less) at free of cost.The Catch Even if they offer the pills at free of cost, they would ask you to pay a nominal price for shipping, from where the scam starts. To pay this ‘nominal’ price, you have first to submit you’re banking account details. Now, the company will charge every month for the pills (at the original rate). Even after canceling, there is a high probable of selling your account details to affiliates.(http://www.oag.state.md.us/Consumer/freetrials.html)2. “I’m the Prince of Royal Nigerian Family, will you help us to move our money to U.S?”â€"Nigerian 419 ScamsTo give you a measure of the extent of this scam, over 32 Billion Dollars is said to be lost. Moreover, it is believed that over 300,000 scammers are there using this strategy to fool others. Winning the trust is the main ideology of these types of hackers. Once they convince others that they are the so-called ‘Nigerian Prince’; they would eventually ask you for help. The helpâ€"you need to help them move their money into U.S. They would offer you half the amount of money, out of the money which you will help them to move onto U.S.Why You Would Fall for? Again, because of money. Especially, if you are getting 500,000 Dollars just for helping someone, eh?People generally fall for this scam due to large sum of money involved (which is not). Most important, helping someone to transport money from one country is illegal. So either way, you go, there lies danger.(http://www.scamwatch.gov.au/content/index.phtml/tag/nigerian419scams)1. “‘XYZ’ company pays me 500$ per Hour by simply doing THIS” â€" Make Money from Home ScamsUnder this scheme, you are allowed to work in your home and claim to help you make millions of dollars from home. They claim to make your PC into an ATM just by doing some simple tasks. You just need to pay a nominal sum of to start with. But, the catch isâ€"they wouldn’t say what these jobs are. Moreover, you would be granted to access to the information within 24 hours, after buying this ‘package’.Why You Would Fall for? Who doesn’t want to make heck loads of money just by doing simple tasks? What’s best than working at home rather than a 9-5 corporate job? Moreover, paying a nominal sum of money in return for hefty money paying jobs sounds good, isn’t it? NO!Firstly, at most times after you pay them, they are nowhere to be found. Secondly, even if they give you the links, they would often provide harmful software which will affect your PC and stole your precious data.On the other front, our great advertisers aren’t lagging back. They have been posting this advertorial, fake-ly under different top-notch companies including Google and Facebook. As you all know, Google and Facebook are one of the most respected and reputable companies; it’s the main reason for which many folks fall into the trap.Pro Tip: One great way of recognizing this scam is to look at their ads. These types of ads usually feature a person holding his cheque with a hefty number scribbled on it.(http://www.fraud.org/scams/general-fraud/work-at-home-scams)Weird but Effective! In the end, I would like to say that don’t consider the Internet-o-sphere as a ball full of loyal and honest folks, it’s quite inverse; full of scammers, fraudsters, and hackers. Attitude is what makes the difference, so better stay aware of being ‘SCAMMED’.

Is Censorship By Government Justified - 1497 Words

Moin Gohil Dr. Rosalyn Jacobs ENGL 1104 28 April 2015 Is censorship by government justified? Censorship has been broadly connected with the media from last couple of decades. These subject is all that much dubious and present in every single key zone of public expression, which commonly go under the civil argument from every community throughout the world. There are numerous articles composed on the subject of censorship and we will talk about the contentions in distinctive articles and its dependability. Censorship, the concealment of words, pictures, or thoughts that are hostile, happens at whatever point, when people succeed in forcing their own political or good values on others. Censorship can be done by the legislature and private group of people. Censorship by the government is unlawful. There are numerous strict rules and laws regarding censorship in the American constitution. For instance, the government can take a stand on anyone who is opposing on federal funding or anything related to federal office. In addition to these, the government can take serious steps with respect to censorship is concerned, the most noticeable for them is entertainment and web, in which the government decides the age limit for the contents accessible on the web. West s Encyclopedia of American Law). From the above comprehension, we will discuss negative and positive parts of censorship and answer the question, is government restriction advocated?. The definition and all the data inShow MoreRelat edCensorship Is Justified631 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship is sometimes justified Whether censorship is justified is always a controversial issue that attracts great public attention, and views of different people might vary greatly. As far as I am concerned, I tend to think that the censorship in China is somehow justified otherwise how can China developed so rapidly for the recent years. I know there are many voices against the censorship of our country, but let’s think from another way, how can we build our welfare and prosperity cultureRead MoreArguments For and Against Censorship Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Censorship is defined by Caso as the suppression of speech or any other public communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive politically incorrect as determined by the government or any other control body (3). Censorship may be justified from the conservative view whereby the free speech can be maltreated where it undermines the customary principles and communal solidity as withheld by a particular community. Arguments for censorship One of the argumentsRead MoreCensorship Of Public s Privacy1321 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end. The right to think is the beginning of freedom, and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought.†( Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, Ashcroft V. Free Speech Coalition (00-795) 198 F.3d 1083, affirmed,2002) In the 21st century, technology has advanced significantly, making invasion of privacy much easier andRead MoreCensorship Is Bad For The Modern World876 Words   |  4 Pages WHY CENSORSHIP IS BAD Censorship refers to the regulation of freedom of expression or any other information that may be sensitive or morally inaccurate to the people. This information can be considered immoral or politically inconvenient by religious groups, the government, ethnic communities and media outlets. Censorship originates back in ancient times in many different countries such as Rome and China. Censorship was mainly used for political, social and religiousRead MoreAustralian Governmental Control During World War II1398 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved extensively. Due to the nature of war the Australian Government imposed a series of wartime controls and restrictions that negatively affected the everyday life of civilians. During World War II, laws were introduced that restricted individual freedoms to promote the idea of austerity. The policies included cutting consumption, going without, wasting nothing, living simply, conscription, manpower controls, rationing and censorship. Such controls ove r freedom and restricted rights would normallyRead MoreWeb Search Engine and Google Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesCase Discussion Questions: 1. How does Google’s mission drive strategy at the company? Google had a framework and foundation with the vision to obtain the business of China’s customers with little to now censorship. Seeing that they needed China in the market, Google not only followed their own policies but also made key decisions adopted by the management which had major financial impact. To remain true to their mission of â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally acceptableRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1200 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on themes of censorship, and illustrates the effects of when a society is controlled and limited. The correlation between the story and the time it was written is incontestable, as censorship in the 1950’s was a very relevant controversy of the time. During the 1950’s, there were limits on the publicity of political information, works of literature, radio, television, and other forms of media. Additionally, there were laws and pressure groups to enforce the censorship of ideas, along withRead MorePosition Paper: Censorship1391 Words   |  6 Pages Every structured society has suffered from some form of censorship of literature, art, or entertainment. Plato, the famous the famous Greek philosopher, was the first to record a method of censorship in a democratic society. In his Republic one of the first guidelines Plato designates is that The first thing will be to establish a censorship of the writers of fiction, and let the censors receive any tale of fiction which is good, and reject the bad; and we will desire mothers and nurses to tellRead MoreThe Censorship of Pornography1581 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Censorship of Pornography: Censorship is vital and takes place on a daily basis in the modern society even in nations that state their respect and maintenance of the freedom of speech. For instance, there are several regulations that restrict broadcasters in the kind of programmes to be transmitted as specific times of the day. The other ways with which censorship happens every day is through the laws that forbid people from expressing themselves publicly toward particular political or ethnicRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay994 Words   |  4 Pagesjust about everything is regulated in one fashion or another, many are calling for the censorship of Internet pornography. While some say it is a necessity when it comes to the industry, others argue it is downright unlawful. Internet pornography is a billion dollar industry that shows no signs of slowing down. Some argue that it may be high time to step in and slow it down for them in the form of censorship. A recent study concluded that there are around 4.2 million pornographic websites on the

Racism And The Black Youths - 1118 Words

Black youths arrested for drug possession are 48 times more likely to wind up in prison than white youths arrested for the same crime under the same circumstances. Many people are unaware how constant racism has been throughout the years. It is important to understand the problems of racism because it is relevant to society. Racism in America is very real and Americans need to know it. Racism is a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one s own race is superior and has the right to rule others. This trend has been around for a long time, from slaves, to discrimination, etc. Although in many cases, people in the time period†¦show more content†¦(Abagond) Racism is one of the most revolting things within the vicinity of humanity. Many times it haunts our past, degrading our future. However, a good fraction of humans express the causes of racism, the majority of humans living on earth do not recognize or know them. Stereotypes is one of the most common causes of racism. Through radio, through television, through the internet, through music, through books, and many alike, the real potential for stereo types to arise are an inevitable possibility. Parents, willingly or not, expose and teach their children, subconsciously, by saying statements and/or watching programs that involve racism. When there is a constant source of negativity towards a certain race, then it will eventually effect the overall opinions of the populous. (The 4) Another very common cause for racism is the unfamiliarity of one towards other races. People have the tendency to fear what they do not understand. If a person has not grown up around a particular race before, then the chance of the person being a racist toward that particular group greatly increases. Not always, but when a person has already been supplied with negative stereo types, and does not have real experiences with at least one of the people in that particular group, then the chances of racism tendencies are increased. The explanation recently stated is the reason why it is important for

The Civil War Left A Big Impact On The Social And Economic...

The civil war left a big impact on the social and economic life in the southern states, the reconstruction period was a time of anger for the south. They lost slavery and supply s which was a big factor in their economic wealth. They knew that these freed slaves would try to rise up as equals to this poor white class. This is where the biggest American terrorist group in history stated in 1866, with only six ex confederate soldiers. This group call themselves the ku klux klan, their numbers from this point grew in violence in what is known as their first era. Than In the 1870s dramatically declined until it s Rae into its second era which became their biggest numbers up to five million. Between these two eras there were many changes in not just numbers of members but in their values. This dramatic fall and change in values many see as an effect of the enforcement acts of 1871-1872. This is backed up by many ideas about how the enforcement acts were directed at the klan and trying to stop their violence. The second act made an impact with higher penalties and punishments for interfering with the voting rights, trying to make a bigger impact on the klan. The subject of the ku klux klan took pace in the time where there was a huge fight for equal rights for African Americans. It started in the reconstruction period after the american civil war. The klan helps express the anger the south felt towards the government for not having a plan to save their economy after the warShow MoreRelatedAmericas Development1272 Words   |  5 Pagesvery different country as compared to its political, social and economic status at the end of the Civil War. The Civil War is widely recognized as a major event in the countrys historical consciousness since it played a crucial role in determining what kind of nation the United States would be. This is mainly because it resolved two essential questions and concerns that were left undetermined by the Revolution of 1776-1783. First, the Civil War helped in determining whether America would be an inseparableRead MoreThe United States Greatest Advancement998 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Greatest Advancement Succeeding the Civil War, the United States emerged to be an increasingly fast-growing industry within the years 1877 and 1918. With the rise of an industrial America, many modern inventions were developed. Since the end of the Civil War, the nation s greatest accomplishment during that span was the innovation of railroads. The establishment of the railway brought about transportation, social, and economic modulations throughout the country. The formation ofRead MoreAssess The Impact Of Different Factors And Gender, Age, Ethnicity, And Class On Groups1069 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Knowledge 8.4: Evaluate the impact of different factors including gender, age, ethnicity, and class on groups and individuals during this time period and impact these groups and individuals have on the events of the time. Throughout the school year we have been studying the impact of the following factors; gender, age, ethnicity, class and individuals during different time periods including this time period. Some examples of when we used this standard was talking and learning about howRead MoreNepal Is The Beautiful Country1470 Words   |  6 Pagesfor 40% of the gross national product. More than 240 years Nepal was ruled by the royal family but in 1990 Nepal became a democratic nation with a constitutional monarchy. In 1996, CPN, Maoist started violence conflict against the government and civil war was continued until 2006. After peace agreement between Maoist and others political parties, monarchism was abolished and constitutional assembly election was held. Recently they made a new constitution. In the meantime, in 2015, Nepal was heavilyRead MoreWorld War One s Impact On American Economics1589 Words   |  7 Pages World War 1’s Impact on American Economics By Chris Danielson History 104, Fall 2015 University of North Dakota As a student studying business, I like to look at significant events in US history and the impact they had on business in America. In addition to business, I have always been interested in wars and America’s involvement in those wars. When we started discussing World War 1 in class, it peaked my interest. Not only did we discuss the war, but we also looked at the impact it had on AmericanRead MoreEffects of World War II Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II had a large effect on America, on how we were regarded in the world, on how our culture would grow and develop, and on how our citizens would develop and settle the land on their return. It brought people together for a while that were later torn apart, and changed the way Americans looked at higher education. Perhaps most importantly, it brought America to the world and served it up to them as something that could grow and become part of their culture, call it the Coca-ColonizationRead MoreImpact Of The Civil War On African Americans860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was a massive milestone in American History. This war started in 1861 and lasted four years. It was between the Union and the Confederacy over their differences and problems they created. The consequences the nation faced due to the demolition of the Civil War, was terrifying. Then the Reconstruction era was born to restore, reinstate, and unite the United States as one. During the Reconstruction of 1865 through 1867, African American lives were impacted economically because they wereRead MoreVietnam War : History And History1695 Words   |  7 Pages http://www.scribd.com/doc/28238272/Vietnam-War-DBQ#scribd Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Americans became uneasy not only about the troubled position of the United States in world affairs, but also about the disorder wrought at home byforeign entanglements. Vietnam, either because of the searing war experience itself or because of the lessons Americans later drew from the experience, drastically altered society during the1960s and 1970s. The belief in the right to influence the internal affairsRead More colonization Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pageshas had such a profound impact on American society, it is impossible to study any aspect of United States history post Civil War without a direct relation, on any level, to the industrial revolution. America would not be the superpower it is today had we not made the change from an agricultural society to an industrial one long ago. The rise of corporate capitalism radically changed the way Americans lived forever. In the years previous to those following the Civil War, the American lifestyleRead MoreWhy is Africa so under-developed?1653 Words   |  7 Pagescontinent in the world, and is commonly referred to as a ‘Third World Continent’. The term ‘Third World’ came around during the Cold War to classify countries/continents that remained self-governing with a capitalist or communist government. This definition allows us to categorise the nations of the world into three groups based on social, political, and economic distribution. These groups are; the First World, the Second world and the Third world. Political reasons for a lack of development-

Marketing Audit Of Coles Supermarket Australia Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Marketing Audit of Coles Supermarket Australia. Answer: Introduction Background Information Marketing has been identified as an essential task for the success of a business entity. Marketing audit is conducted to observe and analyse the marketing strategy of an organisation and identify the problems faced by the company to develop strategic changes in the current policy. The paper has been developed to conduct a marketing audit of Coles which is a 102 year old company and a market leader in the Australian retail industry (Coles Supermarket, 2016). Coles has been identified to control 31% of the Australian retail market that made it the subject of marketing audit study. According to the company report, it is a $22 billion company with revenue of $31 billion in the year 2015 (Coles Supermarket, 2016). Hence, the giant hold in the market with more than 100,000 employees makes it the choice for the research. Aim and Objective The primary aim of the study is to identify the current marketing strategy of Coles and analyse it according to the present market scenario (Baker, 2010). The report has been developed to observe the problems faced by the Coles regarding its marketing strategy and develop proper solution for the company to grow its business in Australia. Method of Approach The marketing audit will be conducted by analysing the external environmental factors, internal environmental factors, SWOT analysis and Opportunity analysis of Coles in the Australian market. Furthermore, the current marketing strategy will be studied to compare and analyse the result of these strategies in the current business environment (LaPlaca, 2010). Along with that, several marketing theories will be used to present strategic changes that can be helpful for the company to overcome the marketing issues. Scope and Limitations of the report The paper will help to develop proper understanding of the marketing strategies that are used by the Coles management to carry on its marketing activities. It will provide a clear understanding of the marketing goals and objectives of the company and the current strategy used by the company (Matsunaga, 2010). Furthermore, the study will help to identify the problems faced by the Coles Management while carrying on its marketing activities in the current business scenario and develop new strategies that will be helpful for the company to have a better market positioning. The major limitation of the project is that it is mere an academic report and can be helpful for the company only when they apply the strategic change in the real world business. Preview of Material Different marketing theories and analysis will be used to conduct the research on Coles marketing audit. Marketing analysis tools like marketing environment analysis, task environment analysis and SWOT analysis will be used to analyse the current market scenario for a retail business in Australia (Blythe, 2009). Furthermore, a strategic analysis model will be used to conduct the study on marketing strategy Vs strategic marketing. Marketing Environment It is important to conduct an external market analysis to observe the factors that impacts the business of Coles in the Australian market. The external market factors helps to identify the problems that are faced or going to be faced by Coles while operating in the Australian market. Hence, it can be seen that marketing environment analysis is an essential way of observing the market and the conditions that influence the business (Mis ra, 2010). The macro-environmental factors that influence the business of Coles Supermarket are discussed herein below: Demographic Factor It can be seen through study that the population of Australia grows by around 2% every year and most of the people live in the urban areas inside or close to the city. The high density areas are mainly the major cities of Australia such as Sydney, Perth, Melbourne and others. The population of Australia includes people belonging from different backgrounds and cultural groups. Hence, it is important for the marketers to understand the population density in the areas they choose for doing businesses (Castaldo, Grosso and Premazzi, 2010). Coles must have its supermarkets in the urban cities or areas close to the cities to attract more customers. Furthermore, it is important for the company to note that most of the population of Australia consist of young customers. Hence, the products and services offered by the customers must match up with the choice of the youth customers. Along with that, being a retailer supermarket, the company must focus on targeting customers aged between 15 and 65 years to occupy and attract most customers (Banham, 2010). Economic Factor It can be seen that the economy of Australia is one of the developed economic nation. Currently, the fluctuation in the international financial market has impacted the economic condition of Australia. The purchasing power of the Australian people has declined from the earlier stage due to the financial crisis and increased rate of unemployment (Jain, 2010). It can be seen that people have become concerned about saving money and consumers have shifted to private labels to reduce their expenses. The decline in the Australian economic condition has benefited the private labels that are capable of providing the products at lower price. It further has increased the level of competition in the Australian market. Hence, it is important for Coles Supermarket to offer a competitive price of products that can be affordable by the customers in the current economic scenario (Mullin, 2006). A proper pricing will help the Coles to fight the local sellers and gain a competitive advantage in the mar ket. Environmental Factor People of Australia have become conscious about the environment and several laws and regulations have been introduced by the Australian government to safeguard the environment. It is important for the company to follow these environmental legislations to carry on its operations in the Australian market. The concept of CSR has played an essential role in saving the Coles Supermarket from these legal obligations. The company has implied different environmental sustainability approaches to meet the environmental regulations (Cadogan, 2009). It needs to reduce use of plastics and non-renewable energy to meet the rules and regulations of the Australian government. Along with that, it is important to note that the rules and regulations regarding the environment changes from time to time and therefore, Coles Supermarket must meet the changing laws to carry on its operations in the Australian market. Technological Factor Australia is one of the developed countries and has all sorts of the developed technology to support the needs of Coles Supermarket. It can be seen that young generation population of Australia are internet savvy people who uses internet on a regular basis (Nwankwo and Aiyeku, 2012). Along with that, the growth of social media has turned the television and radio media of advertising an obsolete technique. Along with that, the increased concern about the environment enforces the company to use less energy that can be met by implementing new technology (Hawkins, Coney and Best, 2010). Hence, it is important for Coles Supermarket to implement new marketing techniques and introduce developed technology to meet the changing needs of the Australian market. Technology has become an essential factor for the success of a retail company in the current business scenario. Hence, technology can be ranked as number one necessity of the company to seek growth and success in the Australian market. Political Factor A significant change can be evident in the legal and political atmosphere of Australia that may impact the operations of Coles in the retail industry. The government of Australia developed ACCC (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission) that governs the retail industry. Furthermore, the ACCC has implemented new policies that increase the level of competition in the Australian retail industry (Hardy, 2008). The changes in the taxation policy and environmental regulations by the government also make it difficult for the company to carry on its operations with the current strategy (Ghosh and John, 2009). Along with that, the increase taxation also reduces the buying power of the customers that further impacts the revenue model of the company. Hence, there is a need of flexible marketing strategy that will be capable of meeting the changing political and legal factors of the Australian market. Cultural Factor Culture has been a major influencing factor that controls the buying habit of the consumers. Australian comprises of people belonging to different cultures and ethnic backgrounds. Hence, it can be said that the Australia has a mixed cultural population. With the change in the cultural belief of the people, the buying habits and taste of the consumers also changes (Dillon, Madden and Firtle, 2010). Hence, culture can be identified as a crucial factor that must be considered while planning the marketing strategy of an organisation. It is important to note that the culture of Australia needs a fresh market for dairy, food and meet products (Panitz, 2008). Hence, Coles must emphasise on product diversification strategy that will help the company to offer a larger range of products that are in high demand in the Australian market. Furthermore, working in a multicultural market, diversification of product and competitive pricing is the key to success for Coles Supermarket. Task Environment Markets The market for retail industry has been growing in Australia with the rise in population and change in taste of the people. With increase in the demand of the Australian people, an immense competition level can be identified in the Australian market. The high level of competition can be evident because of the free entry of new retailer companies in the Australian market (Cohen, 2006). Along with that, there are already a huge number of sellers in the market that exerts high competitive pressure over the Coles Supermarket. Furthermore, it can be seen that the falling financial market also impact the buying behaviour of the consumers that creates difficulty for the organisation. Customers Customers are the ultimate consumer of a product. They are the main revenue producer for a retail business. In case of Coles Supermarket, it can be seen that the buyers power is much high because of the availability of a huge number of rivals in the market. There are many small grocery stores that offer local brands at a lower price (Easton, 2008). Hence, the rate of competition increases with the increase in number of sellers in the market. Furthermore, a financial downturn in the market reduces the buying power of the customers that further impacts the business of Coles Supermarket. The company needs to offer better prices and high quality products to attract more customer traffic. A change in the customers behaviour can be evident due to the presence of cross cultural population in the Australian market. People have turned towards fashionable products and demand high quality of services from a well reputed company. Along with that, it can be seen that the number of young population and old people are rising at a higher rate that makes it important for the company to offer such products that can be bought by the customers of these segment (Cohen, 2011). Hence, the marketing management of Coles Supermarket must consider the factors of change in the buying behaviour of the customers and divide the entire customers into segments to make the marketing activities effective and appropriate. Competitors The current Australian supermarket sector is heating up quite dramatically in the recent time as new supermarket giants such as Woolworths and Aldi have shared the market with Coles Supermarket stores. The retail grocery and food chain industry have been shifted to the internet platform. For instance, Wal-Mart, ShopWings, Grocery Butler and other online retail store businesses have come into the frame. By offering quality products, free home delivery and affordable price range, online competitors have shared the business market with the supermarket giants such as Coles Supermarkets (Dolan, 2015). Recent upmarket food retail stores have promoted significant market competition towards Coles business status. Intermediaries Intermediaries have played significant roles in the current market environment of Coles Supermarket. The dynamic operations of the intermediaries have controlled the pricing, quality, consumers sentiment and food packaging of Coles. Understandably, Coles Supermarkets multi-channel supply has been maintained by the intermediaries such as suppliers, marketers and product distributors. Categorised investors and market partners have created significant strength to the business structure of Coles. Sustainable supply chain management is another vital contribution of the organisational intermediaries (Peter, Olson and Peter, 2010). In this way, Coles Supermarket can identify the consumer sentiment on individual products to create more advertisement. In addition to that, intermediaries of the firm can act as transmitters of customers demand by offering most demanding products on a regular basis. Suppliers The brand suppliers of Coles Supermarket have to be selected through third-party auditing system ensuring the product quality and price bargaining. According to the requirement of Coles, the vendors must provide highest food quality and innovation technique in food processing so that the brand identity of Coles can be protected. The standard of suppliers has been verified on time to time so that customers trust on the brand will remain constant. Also, the organisation has promoted agriculture at the highest level so that fresh and healthy vegetables and meat products can be supplied directly from the farms (Coles, 2008). The RSPCA approved suppliers have given significant customer satisfaction to Coles Supermarket. Facilitators and Marketing firms Coles Supermarket has made a significant investment to advertise the products, items and services to grow the business all around Australia and New Zealand. In order to enhance public relations, Coles Supermarket has hired efficient marketing firms and facilitators to identify innovative marketing ideas to promote Corporate Social Responsibility towards the society (Doherty and Ellis-Chadwick, 2006). Through the identification of the requirement of the employees and consumers, marketing firms have promoted product availability and product costs towards the customers. Also, the logistic managers and research and development team of Coles have been contributed to the success of business growth. In the case of offers and sales promotions, facilitators of Coles have produced innovative business concepts to bring more investors and customers. Meanwhile, the marketing firms have been identified as the backbone of the sales performance of Coles Supermarket. Hence, it is the responsibility o f the facilitators and marketing firms to promote the retailers of the brand so that the identified target demographics trust can be restored. Furthermore, scheduled and appropriate sales promotions have benefited the retail business of Coles Supermarkets. Publics In the case of micro-environmental analysis, certain marketing groups and retail brands have worked with Coles showing potential business interest to Coles (Buttle, 2006). Some brands such as Officeworks, Harris Technology, and Target Corporation are attached to the business structure of Coles Supermarkets. Such brands have different sort of businesses such as office supplies network, online businesses and departmental chain stores. Coles Supermarkets other brands have successfully managed the corporate customers by their efficient services. SWOT Analysis Internal Market Factors It can be seen that the analysis of the internal factors presents the strength and weaknesses of the firms marketing strategies. The strengths and weaknesses of Coles Supermarket are presented herein below: Strengths Coles Supermarket hold a proud history in Australia therefore their command is of lions share on liquor and domestic food market. Coles provides quality and impressive service on delivery and online ordering. Coles offers various pricing strategies along with different promotional offers and numerous price cuts. It offers different brands that mainly cater the tastes and preferences of the buyers. The organization has been quite successful with its unmatched branding and advertising in the Australian retail sector. In 2008 it introduced the TV sponsorship for the summer Olympics (Macdonald, 2012). This initiative was basically framed for the buyers who are price conscious. One of the most important aspects of Coles Supermarket as their most prolific strength is the enormously successful promotional campaigns. Apples for students has been the most successful promotional campaign of Coles Supermarket. Weaknesses Coles Supermarket has suffered due to negative publicity surrounded by the hard line conciliation with the suppliers in Australia. Therefore it has slightly hurt the sentiments of the public. It may also hurt the investors of the organization. Coles faces huge competition from huge retail companies like Woolworths. Coles mostly functions on lower margins. External Market Factors The analysis of the external market factors helps to observe the opportunities and threats for the firms marketing activities. The opportunities and threats of Coles Supermarket are presented herein below: Opportunities Coles Supermarket has the opportunity to have greater control on the supply chain network for harvesting and generating quality profit from various sources. Coles Supermarket has the opportunity to expand geographically which may enable the organization to reach various new places all around the world. Marketing along with sponsorship can help Coles Supermarket to boost their business. Threats With huge competition in the retail and supermarket chain the prices of the food tumbling at a rapid rate to low margins. It has been analyzed that the consumers are getting confused due the various general brands because of the lack in distinctive communication. For convenience, a quality number of buyers can significantly select smaller and independent retailers like the butchers and the green grocers. The liquor and food market of Australia is continuously evolving due to the huge level of competition. Various competitors of the highest level are entering the Australian market with different model and ideas of marketing and business. Coles Supermarket faces huge competition in terms of marketing from ALDI, IGA, and Costco etc. Opportunity Analysis The major strength of Coles Supermarket is its Supply Chain system that acts as a core competency of the firm. The company follows the Just-In-Time strategy to minimise the cost of inventory management and spends the saved money on development of technology, employee training and enhanced marketing activities. Furthermore, it can be seen that the enhances quality of Coles services and customer care activities provides the company with an competitive advantage that increases the demands and needs of the customers (Bradley, 2011). It further increases the loyalty of the customers that provides the company with opportunity to grow its businesses. The product diversification provides the company with an opportunity to grow its businesses. it can be seen that Coles Supermarket offers products ranging from A to Z that acts as a strength of the company. Furthermore, the 102 years old reputation of the company also acts as strength of the company. But, the company has its stores in the limited region of the entire Australian market (Oldroyd, 2014). Hence, Coles Supermarket can grow its business by expanding its operations in the new region of Australia. Furthermore, it can be seen that the company needs more sponsors to finance it business that will help it to mitigate the risk of expansion. The sponsorship will also help the company to minimise the operations of marketing and reduces the cost of expansion. Hence, the Coles Supermarket has a good opportunity to grow its business with the help of new sponsors and business partners. Current Strategy Business Mission Coles Supermarket has apparently worked out the business mission based on social public and outstanding customer services. By identifying the efficient market for products and services, the mission of the organisation is to support social people and customers providing quality and healthy food products at an affordable price range (Batra, 2009). Also, the company has aimed to improve the performance to create a global brand identity within the retail food chain business industry. By valuing the customers and employees, the organisation has committed to business diversification and public relation development. In other words, growth in a staggered pattern in business is the primary business mission of the firm. Marketing Goals and Objectives Coles Supermarket has determined some long-term and short-term marketing goals and objectives to be met within the corporate environment as discussed herein. Short-term Goals and Objectives: As far as the short-term goals are concerned, the marketing department has aimed to increase the customer base and traffic (Simmonds, 2012). Also, creating the brand identity within the market is another significant short-term marketing objective of Coles Marketing team. Long-term Goals and Objectives: Meanwhile, the long-term goals are more vital as those will contribute to set a sustainable place within the Australian domestic market. Coles Supermarkets marketing expertise has targeted to increase the sales and revenue. Increasing sales figure is one of the primary long-run objectives for the retail food chain business of Coles Supermarket (Coles and Erdman, 2015). The core business structure of Coles has also aimed to improve its current business ratings and competitive advantage in the Australian market by providing efficient services to the target audience. Furthermore, the business marketing team of Coles Supermarket has endeavoured to enlarge the target market by positioning high-quality products at an affordable rate. Current Strategic marketing of Coles Supermarkets The strategic marketing of Coles Supermarkets has identified the most significant marketplaces in Australian so that the stores can feature a maximum number of target audience. In terms of Coles Supermarkets value proposition, the second largest retail food chain business of Australia has promoted quality and healthy food products at an affordable pricing. Such business tactics of Coles have certified that every social class can utilise the products and services offered by Coles (Walker, 2006). Within the marketing planning, Coles Supermarket Group has identified suitable marketing concepts such as diversified products, promotion and campaign, product merchandising, affordable and competitive pricing and efficient sales channel to create the maximum sales and revenue in the market territory. Strategic marketing of Coles Supermarket includes prime store locations and high-quality goods to get the maximum buyers for the products and services (Widener, Reid and Coles, 2010). The marketing promotions offer special in-store sales so that a maximum number of target customers can purchase products at a low price range. Such promotional sales have contributed the biggest revenue a day for Coles Supermarkets. Product merchandising is another essential strategic marketing concept as Coles Supermarket promotes its brands including groceries and fresh vegetables. Coles Supermarket Groups extending sales channel includes retail and wholesale product selling (Cullwick, 2015). In the retail business, the food store offers conventional products to the customers. On the other hand, the organisation sells products to the restaurants and other merchandise. By adding value transitions in sales and promotions, the organisation has put up significant growth strategy for the business. Recommended Strategy The identified recommended strategy has been presented in this section to produce further market moves and growth structure of Coles Supermarkets Group. Business Mission The business mission must be similar to the current strategy as Coles Supermarkets Group has developed efficient business growth model providing quality and healthy food products at a reasonable price range. Such commitments in the business mission will be appreciable for the business organisation as consumers confidence will be increased by this particular move (Wilson and Wilson, 2013). By improvising different marketing ideas and concepts, the organisation is willing to create significant public relation to enlarge the business market. Marketing Goals and Objectives In future market perspective, Coles Supermarkets management team must make some alteration in short-term and long-run goals and objective so that the robust growth of business can be secured. In short-term basis, online marketing ideas and sales strategy must be considered to tackle the new business rivals (Zou and Fu, 2011). As social public have spent so much time in the internet, digital marketing will be an effective option to improve the sales and revenue. In case of long-term objectives, there is no need to change the current marketing strategy as the existing strategy is seemed to be the most fitted option. Strategy recommendation Coles Supermarkets Value Proposition: The recommended strategic overview of Coles Supermarket must promote new training and career development programmes. In this way, the organisation can deliver outstanding service quality to the target demographics. As the organisation is one of the fastest growing food retail business chains, additional support must be given to the employees so that customers demand can be met in an efficient way. Target Market: The marketing management of Coles Supermarket should introduce new development strategies such as new retails stores, merchandising and product development to access the largest portion of the Australian market. Invariably, selection of new target market and further market penetration can improve the sales and revenue of the organisation (Alon, 2003). Market Positioning: Positioning is another most recommended strategy for Coles Supermarkets business perspective. The positioning strategy must identify the business goals and objectives to develop integrated campaigns and core business messages through marketing. In Appendix 1, the core strategy of positioning has been presented that must include demand generation, events, public relation development, e-marketing, branding and employee and social outreach. Market Opportunities: Marketing opportunity signifies the brand popularity and establishment in a particular market. As one of the fastest retail business, Coles Supermarket must analyse current market as well as marketing opportunities to add new set of buyers to the business. Meanwhile, significant market research will be effective to find out the specific and unique opportunities for Coles Supermarkets business proposition. Marketing Function Products In marketing functions, the retail store business of Coles Supermarket must introduce new product lines so that different brand products can unanimously contributed to the total sales and revenue. For example, significant market research must be done to identify the highest selling groceries and farming products. Through the identification of the most selling products, same types of new products can be manufactured to impress the buyers community. By applying product diversification market strategy, product selling can be increased as the purchasers will find more interest in trying the new products. Meanwhile, such product diversification can be initiated at the new market area so that the sales of similar products cannot decrease. Prices The product pricing is also significant for business growth and maximum selling perspective. In the strategic marketing functions, low pricing and high pricing of products should be promoted to attract the maximum target demographics (Alexis, 2012). Current prices of products should be proactively declared so that low pricing of most selling products can secure maximum revenue for the retail food chain business. On the other hand, by identifying the unique manufacturing and brand products, high rates must be quoted to impress the buyers. Therefore, power bargaining from the suppliers must be effectively managed so that the firm can deliver quality food products to the target audience at the minimum rate promoting competitive edge. Distribution Currently, Coles Supermarket is known for its well organised distribution strategy. It has its stores located in major cities of Australian in the core region that has high density of population. But, the market for the Coles Supermarket has become saturated that intends the company to expand its operations and grow its distribution channels by introducing new stores that will be capable of attracting more customers. Coles can build new stores in the outskirt areas nearby the cities that are less costly and build large supermarkets with different other facilities. It will help the company to grow its market and target new segment of customers. Marcoms The marketing and communication strategy can be developed based on advertising media and significant communication channels. By identifying market research and corporate communication resources, the organisation should implement the best marketing concepts. In Appendix 2, a described process has been shown for further consideration (Alexander and Coles, 2011). In case of popular branding, public relations and digital marketing strategy must be taken into consideration to increase the market size of Coles Supermarkets. For advertising perspective, sales and business guarantee and websites should be promoted to encourage the buyers to visit the stores of Coles Supermarket. Finally, effective marketing agents and executives must be recruited so that innovative marketing concepts can be generated on a regular basis. Sales Force Using sales force is a technique of outsourcing the task of marketing or implementing a different marketing team for operating the marketing activities. In case of Coles Supermarket, it has a separate marketing team that task care of the demands and needs of the customers. Furthermore, the marketing team conducts research and apply changes in the marketing strategy according to the conditional changes in the market situation (Alfredsson, Mnsson and Vikstrm, 2016). The company needs to implement new technologies in developing the efficiency and effectiveness of the sales force. It can outsource the digital marketing activities that can be cost effective and help the company to seek better results. Conclusion The bsuiness report has been successfully described to draw the current business positioning and strategic concepts of Coles Supermarkets Group in Australian retail food chain industry. Coles Supermarket is one of the largest reatil food store chain in the market. As a result, there are some major market competitors and issues attached to the business model of the organisation. By promoting business ethics and corporate social responsibilty, the retail chain business has cretaed its significant market identity. On the other hand, the organisation has efficiently utilsed the available business resources to provide the best products and services to the customers at an affordable prices. The busines environment of the organisation has got some major sides that have to be overcome by the management team of Coles Supermarket. By identifying the vast size of the target market, the organisation has developed wholly owned subsidiary (WOS) to provide the best pricing. Also, the organisational stakeholders have effectively partivipated in busines events and public relation programmes to increase the business reputation. In the meantime, the report has identifed some strategic recommendations suitable for further business development of Coles Supermarkets. Therefore, efficient market positiong must be developed to grow the demand. At the same time, e-markeing is another essential part of the business in the recent time. Hence, online marketing and product selling must be highlighted to reach the maximum number of public. Regarding strategic recommendations, effective distribution channels and marketing communication system have been identified to be follwed in the business enviroment to imcrease the sales and market size. References Alexander, R. and Coles, J. (2011). Standards and Labels for Consumers' Goods.Journal of Marketing, 15(3), p.375. Alexis, M. (2012). Marketing Laws and Marketing Strategy.Journal of Marketing, 26(4), p.67. Alfredsson, E., Mnsson, J. and Vikstrm, P. (2016). Internalising external environmental effects in efficiency analysis.Economic Analysis and Policy, 51, pp.22-31. Alon, I. (2013).Chinese economic transition and international marketing strategy. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Baker, M. (2010).The strategic marketing plan audit. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Banham, H. (2010). External Environmental Analysis For Small And Medium Enterprises (SMEs).Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER), 8(10). Batra, R. (2009).Marketing issues in transitional economies. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Blythe, J. (2009).Key concepts in marketing. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. Bradley, F. (2011).International marketing strategy. New York: Prentice Hall. Buttle, F. (2006).Relationship marketing. London: Chapman. Cadogan, J. (2009).Marketing strategy. London: SAGE. Castaldo, S., Grosso, M. and Premazzi, K. (2010).Retail and channel marketing. Cohen, D. (2006). Trademark Strategy.Journal of Marketing, 50(1), p.61. Cohen, D. (2011). Trademark Strategy Revisited.Journal of Marketing, 55(3), p.46. Coles Supermarket. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.coles.com.au/about-coles [Accessed 9 Jul. 2016]. Coles, J. (2008). The Pattern of Retail Food Stores in a Small City.Journal of Marketing, 13(2), p.163. Coles, J. and Erdman, H. (2015). Some Aspects of the Arguments against Grade Labeling.Journal of Marketing, 9(3), p.256. Cullwick, D. (2015). Positioning Demarketing Strategy.Journal of Marketing, 39(2), p.51. Dillon, W., Madden, T. and Firtle, N. (2010).Marketing research in a marketing environment. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Doherty, N. and Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2006).Electronic commerce in the retail sector. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Dolan, D. (2015). Industrial marketing strategy.Industrial Marketing Management, 14(3), pp.218-219. Easton, G. (2008). Competition and Marketing Strategy.European Journal of Marketing, 22(2), pp.31-69. Ghosh, M. and John, G. (2009). Governance Value Analysis and Marketing Strategy.Journal of Marketing, 63, p.131. Hardy, J. (2008). Stratification of environmental education and education for sustainable development in Australia: an analysis of positions vacant advertisements.Environmental Education Research, 14(2), pp.165-174. Hawkins, D., Coney, K. and Best, R. (2010).Consumer behavior. Dallas, Tex.: Business Publications. Jain, S. (2010).Marketing planning strategy. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Pub. LaPlaca, P. (2010). Industrial marketing strategy.Industrial Marketing Management, 9(1), pp.86-87. Macdonald, C. (2012).The marketing audit workbook. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Institute for Business Planning. Matsunaga, L. (2010).The changing face of Japanese retail. New York: Routledge. Mis ra, R. (2010).Marketing strategies in retail sector. New Delhi: Discovery Pub. House. Mullin, R. (2006). Creating a marketing strategy [marketing development].Engineering Management, 16(6), pp.40-41. Nwankwo, S. and Aiyeku, J. (2012).Dynamics of marketing in African nations. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Oldroyd, M. (2014).Marketing environment. Oxford: Elsevier. Panitz, E. (2008). Distributor image and marketing strategy.Industrial Marketing Management, 17(4), pp.315-323. Peter, J., Olson, J. and Peter, J. (2010).Consumer behavior and marketing strategy. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Simmonds, K. (2012).Strategy marketing. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: P. Allan. Walker, O. (2006).Marketing strategy. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irvin. Widener, H., Reid, M. and Coles, J. (2010). Marketing Rewritten from the Consumer's Point of View.Journal of Marketing, 4(4), p.124. Wilson, A. and Wilson, A. (2013).Marketing audit checklists. London: McGraw-Hill. Zou, S. and Fu, H. (2011).International marketing. Bingley: Emerald.

Ten steps for writing an essay

When it comes to discussing the pros and cons of academic education in a detailed manner, then this thing becomes more obvious that essays do play a key role in the success of academic education. In addition, essays could be defined as the phenomenon through which students are able to learn so many different things with such an ease and comfort. Therefore, educators put more emphasis on essays writing assignments because they can transform the learning of their students to a great extent in this way. There is no point of denying this attribute that students in this modern era still perceive essay writing tasks as challenging and demanding. This is because of the reason that essays are designed for the sake of discovering new facts and other key attributes in the desired way. At the same time, students could enhance their various skills such as cognitive skills, research skills, and other skills to a considerable level. Therefore, in order to make students realize the importance of essay writing, following are the 10 most influential steps discussed so that students could understand the phenomenon of essays in a better way. These are as follows: Comprehend the question asked in the assignments This is an important aspect to consider which depicts the significance of understanding the question asked in the assignments. As far as the importance of this comprehension is concerned, it is better for students to understand the questions in a detailed manner. Research about the topic thoroughly Students are strongly recommended to observe and research about the topics of essays as much as possible. By doing so, students will be able to understand the topics in a great way and at the same time this activity will enhance their awareness about the topics and subject matters to a reasonable level. This is the way by which students are able to construct a productive essay writing plan for their essays and they are also allowed to take writing help so that they can develop essay writing plan in a better way. Describe the topic in an interesting manner At the time of writing an introduction for essays, students are required to develop an interest so that the readers are encouraged to read their essays. Therefore, students are supposed to learn through which they can write introductions in the best possible manner. Include main postulates and real life examples This aspect should be kept in mind by the students that essays become more significant when they are endorsed with the help of real life scenarios and examples. Therefore, it is always better for students to describe and explain relevant approaches and examples through which their essays could be transformed into meaningful and productive essays. Produce realistic writing plan for your essay An effective writing plan for essays could provide desired outcomes to various students provided that students make sure they develop result-oriented and relevant writing plans for their essays. As far as the importance of essay writing plans are concerned, this can be perceived as a roadmap through which the task of essay writing could be accomplished. Talk about the main section of the essay This is one of the most crucial section or part of the essay in which you are supposed to discuss the pros and cons of topics in a detailed way. At the same time, you are also encouraged to use examples and assumptions in order to support your theories and postulates as well. Therefore, this section holds so much significance and this section can develop result oriented and influential outcomes of the essays in the end. Talk about objectives Before starting the process of essay writing, being a writer you are supposed to establish some kind of objectives so that you can work in the desired direction. After ending the phenomenon of essays you should compare the actual results or outcomes with the planned objectives. In this way you will be able to achieve and attain actual outcome of your essay in a great way. Discuss and Elaborate the conclusion An effective conclusion will certainly help the readers to understand the results and purpose of writing the essays to a considerable level. Therefore, in this concern writers are supposed to elaborate the results or outcomes so that readers get enough learning and information about the subject matters. Â  There is need of understanding the importance of conclusion in the right manner as writers are able to figure out the final outcomes of the essays with the help of discussing the impacts and consequences of the essay. Brainstorming the notions and creative ideas to add value in essays With the help of brainstorming, writers could produce marvelous impacts on the minds of their readers because brainstorming will help writers to use creativity in their essays. This has become a critical step through which students as well as professional writers could take lot of support or help as they come up with something amazing and brilliant concept at different points of time. Therefore, students or other potential writers are strongly recommended that they should focus on the significance of brainstorming as much as possible. This is the way that can deliver the goods in the end and at the same time students are needed to use their creativity to certain extent. Finally edit and produce the original stuff In this concern, being a writer it is better to check all the requirements of essays so that you have considered all the required things in the essays. This is crucial to understand this aspect that evaluating the final versions of the essays actually help writers to proofread and at the same time they are also allowed to make minor changes and corrections in their essays. Â  As a result, students or professional writers will be able to produce the desired content. On the other hand, readers will get an opportunity to read and understand original piece of essay in the best possible manner. Conclusion Essay writing process should be perceived as an art rather than normal procedure because students are needed to apply creative concepts in this process as much as possible. Therefore, students should understand the significance of the essays because students can learn different sorts of things with the help of essays in their academic lives.

Harassed on LinkedIn® Take these steps to prevent and stop it now.

Harassed on LinkedIn ® Take these steps to prevent and stop it now. There’s no question that social media, including LinkedIn ®, can expose you to unwanted attention, whether it be spam messages or actual threats. I’ve received some inappropriate emails myself (thankfully nothing threatening or truly stalker-like). But not everyone is so lucky. I have had many people share with me their fear about posting a photo or profile on LinkedIn ® due to the possibility that they might be followed in an unwelcome way. I am grateful to my colleague Rabbi R. Karpov, Ph.D. for providing tips on how to investigate followers before they become a problem. She credits Robin Schlinger for some of this information as well. Here is some of what she suggests: Check the person’s photo. Right click on any profile image and copy the image location. Next, run that photo through Google Images (https://images.google.com/). You can find it by typing google images into your browser. Click the camera icon and paste in the image URL. Now you can find some things out. Look for red flags: Stock photo. That wholesome-looking woman, it turns out, wasnt really an Apple Computer VP! Stolen photo. The photo is of someone living, such a military-man or Miss World Philippines contestant, or of someone deceased (hey, thats the late President of Zaire!) Check out the rest of the general picture: Run the email address you find under the connections Contact Info through Google. Did it come up as a known email address associated ONLY with a scammer/spammer? Run the connections name through Google. What turned up? Run the name AND the email address through Google. Sometimes that is what turns up information that will make you glad you took this extra 5 minutes. Hopefully this due diligence will prevent some unwanted connections. But sometimes there are bigger issues of LinkedIn ® users abusing their connected status to stalk other users. Due to the upswing in complaints regarding this problem, on February 20, 2014, LinkedIn ® implemented a member blocking feature. Blocking a member allows you to completely remove your profile from that connections view, and theirs from yours. In addition, says LinkedIn ®: You wont be able to message each other on LinkedIn. If youre connected, you wont be connected anymore. Well remove any endorsements and recommendations from that member You wont see each other in your Whos Viewed Your Profile Well stop suggesting you to each other in features such as People You May Know and People also Viewed How to block a LinkedIn ® member To block someone, visit their profile and hover over the down arrow to the right of the message button and click Block or report. You will then get a popup window with options to block this person or report them or both. If you choose to report them, you will need to provide a reason for doing so. Note that you do not need to disconnect from your contact first; blocking them automatically disconnects you. Once you have blocked someone, their name will appear on your block list. You can view the list by visiting your Privacy Settings under Manage who youre blocking. From here you can also unblock members, should you choose to do so. For more information on how the blocking feature works, including how to block from within a group environment, visit LinkedIn ®s Help Center article, Member Blocking Overview. Take additional privacy precautions Of course, ideally we would never want to have to block anyone, so take Rabbi Karpov’s advice to heart! In addition, here are a few more things you can do to protect your privacy: Only accept connections from people you know. LinkedIn ® is a great supporter of this philosophy; however, there is a trade-off between maintaining a small number of reputable connections and broadening your network (and thus increasing your leads) by connecting with people outside of your circle. Change your settings under Privacy Settings so that only those who know your email address or are in your imported contacts list can send you invitations (Go to Privacy Settings, Communications tab, and Select who can send you invitations). Go to Privacy Settings, Profile tab, and click on â€Å"Select who can see your connections† where you will have an option to prevent others from seeing see your network. This will prevent your 1st degree connections from seeing exactly how many connections you have; otherwise they will be able to get past the â€Å"500+† and see both your exact number of connections and who those connections are. None of these alternative actions is a perfect solution and you still may encounter unwanted attention on LinkedIn ®. If you do, it is your prerogative to block the offending member. You may also want to report any harassment to the LinkedIn ® Corporation; and if necessary, please seek legal counsel. Have you experienced harassment on LinkedIn ®? How did you handle it? What precautions will you take in the future? Please share below!

Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Memo - Assignment Example Though both clearly have reasonable motives, they are not the people we are looking for who would be fit for the job, looking at it in a long-term point of view. I understand that the company would be exerting effort in looking for someone equipped for the position and the training they would have to be exposed to, to get a clear understanding of how our company operates. However, I see bigger risks and costs for the company to absorb employees that are not willing to adapt to the demands of the company, whenever the need for it arises since this could mean lowered performance, weakening of the company’s equity, and lost sales/clients. I hope you consider my decision based on the arguments above which is mainly an initiative to safe keep our company’s reputation and identity. McGhan, Meredith. "The Cost of Hiring the Wrong Employee | Writing Assistance, Inc.." Writing Assistance, Inc. - Technical, Training, Medical and Marketing Writers. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2013.

The Rhetorical Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

The Rhetorical Situation - Essay Example The audience influences the way the author writes, the phrasing of words, and even the genre that will be used. Since the audience influences the direction the writer will have to take, it is essential for the writer to know his audience, and understand them well. All writing is driven by a reason or purpose. There are many reasons that a writer could have for writing, and therefore, it is important for the writer to be clear on why he is writing. Clarity for the purpose of writing will help him structure the writing in a manner that achieves the intended purpose. The expectations of the audience also affect the purposes of writing. Stance is the attitude that the writer has towards the material in the writing. The stance adopted by the writer will shape, and be evident in the tone used. The stance of the writer will influence the perception of the audience on the subject matter. The stance of a writer is indicated by the choice of words in writing. The relationship between the audience and the writer will influence the position taken by the writer. The genre is the type of text that the writer uses. It could be a short story, a poem, or any other literary writing form the author deems appropriate. Each genre will have specific structural requirements that the writer has o adhere to if he is to be effective in his writing. There are some genres that require certain tones, organization, or strategies for them to be effective. In considering the media/design in writing, the writer looks at the route that will be used to reach the audience. The media may be verbal or non-verbal, technologically advanced or remote. Every media will have characteristics that make it distinct, and they have to be followed if the media is to be effective in reaching the audience. The design involves the close look at the elements of the text that might need to be designed.

Homicide Investigation Techniques Essay Example for Free

Homicide Investigation Techniques Essay Abstract Murder investigations are started when there is a suspicious death, there is precise steps that should be followed during a murder investigation. So that the case can be brought to court and prosecuted evidence is collected, suspects and witnesses are interviewed. The law enforcement personnel that participate in a murder investigation are individually trained to handle and process evidence; this includes protection of the crime scene and testifies in court. Definitions of homicides and manslaughter The two offenses that is classified, as homicide is murder and manslaughter; manslaughter is perpetrated in one of three ways; killing another individual with intent, but where compliance such as loss of control, decreased responsibility, or committing suicide by way of a concordat. Committing a crime where an individual is killed by gross negligence, gross given the risk of death and behavior in the form of an illegal act involving a danger that resulted in the death of another human. Murder or homicide is the illegal killing with malice and forethought of another human; this is usually considered a premeditated state of mind and separate murder from manslaughter, because the individual planned the murder with intention, (Osterburg, J. W. Ward, R. H. 2010). Crime Scene Assessment With the arrival of the first law enforcement officer at a crime scene, there are strict procedurals guidelines. The first officer to arrive at a crime scene tries to detain anyone that could be a witness/suspect. It is the responsibility of this officer to secure the crime scene to keep the crime scene from becoming contaminated and the loss of evidence. With the arrival of the investigator that will take charge of the crime scene, the officer will detail all information acquired from possible witness or suspects. The investigator will document the crime scene with pictures, sketches, notes and even video of the evidence and surrounding area. After the walk through, the investigator begins formulating a theory of the crime focusing on the progressions of events to include locations and positions of those present during the crime. All evidence is collected and sect to the lab for analysis, (Osterburg, J. W. Ward, R. H 2010). What is Victimology? Victimology is the study of issues interjecting to the intensification in victim perceptibility, characteristics and elements, persecution and its influences, and victim’s reactions to persecution. Through this scientist studies physical, expressive and monetary harm people suffer because of unlawful activities. Victims are individuals that experience loss, injury or hardship because of a criminal act. Victimology uses subjective approach to identify, define and describe the problems associated with being a victim (Karmen 2012). Conclusion Even with the most publicized crimes in the history of the Unites States Criminal Justice System, police can arrest, but they investigate first. The investigators must find out the cause of and time of death. Investigators define a successful homicide investigation as the one where a perpetrator is pinpointed, indicted and convicted of the crime.

Get Informed! - Buying The Right Computer :: essays research papers

Get Informed! - Buying The Right Computer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buying the right computer can be complicating. Because of this many people are detoured from using or purchasing a very beneficial machine. Some people have questions about memory, Windows95, and choosing the best system to purchase. Hopefully, I can clear up some of this terms and inform you on what hardware is available.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How much memory do you really need? As much as you can get. Due to todays sloppy programmers, you can't have too much memory. Today's software is about 50 percent wasted code. That means that there is a bunch of memory being used by your computer to do absolutely nothing. It's not like in the past when a programmer had to get a program to run under 512K. Programmers think you have unlimited memory. As a result, the programmers don't worry about how much memory they use. When writing a program, programmers use compilers like Visual C++. When they use prewritten routines from compilers, it adds a lot of useless data. Instead of removing this useless data, the lazy programmer leaves it. Not only does this effect you memory, it also effects how much hard drive space you need. The bigger the program, the more space it takes to save physically. I wouldn't suggest buying anything under a 2 geg hard drive. Why? Because by the time you load you system (Windows95, DOS) and other software; your hard drive is already filled up. How are you going to save your document you wrote in WordPerfect when your hard drive is full? It's usually cheaper in the long run to buy the biggest hard drive available. Plus, you always want to have room for your games. After all, who wants to spend their whole life working?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As far as processors, I suggest the Cryrix 6x686 166+. It's the best processor for the buck. It's one of the fastest. The processor costs about $300 cheaper then the Pentium version. Its got plenty of processing power to play those high graphic 3D games and make your Internet browser fly. It's also a necessity for programs like Auto Cad 3D and Adobe Photoshop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For video, I suggest at least a 2 meg, Mpeg3 compatible video card. The best all around video card I think is the Maxtor Millennium 3D. It comes in 2meg, 4meg, and 8meg cards. The 4meg card runs around $230.00. You can't beat that. The reason you want the most memory on your video card that you can afford is the more memory you have, the faster the graphics and more colors you

Overcoming Defense Mechanisms Essay

Practical implications of each term are included for the benefit of organizations interested in applying theory in practice. Key words: organizational cohesion, action systems, compliance, culture of tradition, complete concrete systems, and symbolism Organizational Cohesion According to Etzioni (1961), cohesion can be defined as a positive expressive relationship among two or more actors that can reinforce negative and positive norms (p. ). He further differentiates cohesion bonds between persons of the same rank, peer cohesion, and cohesion bonds between persons of different ranks, hierarchical cohesion. The degree to which peer cohesion exists within an organization can determine how readily norms that are held by the majority of a given group or held by the most influential persons within a group will be accepted by the remaining group participants. In other words, peer cohesion dictates the degree to which actors within a given group are likely to mimic or adopt each other’s behavior and/or values. It has also been suggested by Homans (1951), that there is a direct correlation between the frequency and endurance of interaction within a group and the level of a group’s cohesiveness. In other words, the more group participants interact, the more likely it is that they will adopt each other’s mannerisms, outlooks, or orientations toward the larger group of which they are a part (Etzioni, 1961, p. 290). Assuming that norms that are beneficial to a particular organization are being fostered via peer ohesion, such as intra-team cooperation, the net effect could be a highly productive work environment with low employee turnover. Etzioni’s research implies that organizations with high peer cohesion tend to have low employee turnover, which reduces costs involved with recruiting and socializing new employees, knowledge capture, and maintaining daily work routines. However, it is important to note that cohesion can reinforce both negative and positive norms, which is to say behaviors that alienate an employee from an organization as well as behaviors that reinforce one’s commitment to an organization (p. 80 ). Reagans and McEvily (2003) suggest that cohesion, specifically social cohesion, influences the willingness of individuals to devote time and effort to assisting others within a given group, in addition to serving as a motivator to transfer knowledge to a coworker or colleague (p. 245). Ultimately, cohesion within an organizational group, can encourage a â€Å"you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours† effect that can encourage knowledge exchange across employees and reduce direct peer-to-peer or intra-departmental competition amongst employees (Reagan & McEvily, 2003, p. 245). In other words, â€Å"by limiting competition, social cohesion promotes knowledge transfer,† which is an essential component of a learning and innovative organization (Reagans & McEvily, 2003, p. 247). Although organizational cohesion can foster â€Å"exchange relationships that build commitment† (Tyndall, 2012, p. 3), it is essential that organizational leaders recognize tipping points wherein too much cohesion could increase group-think and inhibit innovation, performance, and potentially disrupt a work-group’s alignment with the overall organization’s values, should a given group’s norms contradict such values (p. ). Where possible, organizational leaders might assess the power that cohesiveness has within their organization, identify the source of cohesiveness, be it an agent of the organization or the organization itself, and take the necessary action to either encourage or discourage the cohesiveness, depending on whether it currently work s in favor of the organization or to its detriment. Action Systems An action system embodies a collective effort to attain a single goal, as executed by interdependent work units’ processes, tasks, and functions. To attain its goal as a unit, a social action system adopts a structure and a process for organizing member activities† (De Ven, 1976, p. 25). An action system is a term used to describe a system that produces an output only if the necessary actions are completed by the appropriate parties throughout the entire production process-placing emphasis on the relationship that exists between actions and the larger task they accomplish. The existence of this term serves to illustrate a theoretical shift away from focusing on work units or groups and a shift toward focusing on the individual job holders’ roles within the larger group, analogous to speaking in of terms of cogs within a machine (Tyndall, 2012, p. 3). As Parsons (1951) has noted, â€Å"acts do not occur singly and discretely, they are organized in systems† (p. 7). Simply put, an action system is made up of two components: the actor and his situation (p. 7). By speaking in terms of action systems, the theorist or manager hopes to identify all factors that affect these two components in the name of achieving their end objective, be it decreasing production error and lags, and increasing production successes (non-defective output) or any combination thereof. The more an organization can identify all variables, resources, and actions required at each phase of production, the more it can regulate and manage them. â€Å"Resources and information flows are the basic elements of activity in organized forms of behavior† (De Ven, 1976, p. 25). If, for example, an actor works in reception at a doctor’s office, he/she might require a computer, medical forms, chairs for patients, clipboards, pens, etc. By tracking usage and resource requirements over an extended period of time, records might reveal that there are too many patients or too few chairs in the waiting area at any given time. Identifying this fail point will serve as a signal to the organization to either increase the number of chairs in the office, increase the number of business hours (to spread out patients), add a second partner, expand to a second location, or some other alternative. Total Quality Management, Lean Six Sigma, and Demings 14-Points of Quality are all examples of how organizations have provided structure to these very practices (Tyndall, 2012, p. 16-18) Just as an organization can identify, measure, and manage tangible resources along each stage of an action system, so too can an organization identify and measure intangible factors that influence workers orientation toward the organization and their assigned tasks. By understanding a worker’s motivation for being on the ob, an organization will be better equipped to frame that employee’s work and performance evaluation in such a way that will encourage the worker to achieve higher levels of performance. By structuring job functions in ways that directly attach task ownership to individual job holders, an organization can increase the accountability for that employee, and increase the likelihood of their experiencing satisfaction upon completely their assigned task –due to the ta sk’s proximity to its â€Å"owner† (Tyndall, 2012, p. 8). Forward-thinking and adaptable organizations will encourage transparency and two-way feedback between management and those who are managed. For this reason, it would be wise for organizations to seek input from employees when identifying areas of process improvement within action systems, share successes across the organization, and openly value collaboration between groups and collegiality within groups (Trist, 1981, p. 43, 57, & 49). Compliance Etzioni (1961) defines compliance as â€Å"a relationship consisting of the power employed by supervisors to control subordinates and the orientation of subordinates to this power† (p. xiii). Sciulli and Etzioni (1996) identify three sources of compliance: coercion, economic or pecuniary incentives, and normative values (p. 137). This interplay between the governors and the governed directly influences how an organization will function and be perceived by internal and external stakeholders. Further, the dynamic between these two parties sheds light on where power, and specifically the power to make change, resides within an organization. As was exemplified in The Challenger Disaster, the extent to which an organization’s members recognize when it is necessary to comply and when it is necessary to break from routine impinges on an organization’s ability to adapt and respond to catastrophic events: Argyris’s (1990) analysis of The Challenger Disaster brought to light the following: The problems were not only in the structure, rules, and independent monitoring devices. The problems also were that highly committed, well-intentioned, safety-oriented, can-do players reasoned and acted in ways that violated their own standards and made certain that this violation was covered up and that the cover-up was covered up. (p. 42). One could argue that NASA’s employees ignored their respective ethical instincts and instead complied with that of the organization, NASA: an unspoken practice of ignoring unsettling information in the name of making deadlines, satisfying stakeholders, or perhaps satisfying its own hubris. Regardless, this catastrophe serves to illustrate the negative implications of compliance, particularly as perpetuated through normative values. Organizational theorists, such as Ogbonna and Harris (1998) have set out to determine what behaviors within organizations evolve through genuine organic change and behaviors that evolve in response to deliberate actions taken by management via compliance. Their research indicates that efforts made by management to alter culture within an organization via compliance may prove successful, but not for a signal unified reason. In other words, an organization’s members may all buy-in to a behavioral modification or practice advocated by management, but for reasons that are unique to the individual members or groups of members within the organization. â€Å"Hence, a key implication of these findings is that managements attempting to alter culture should consider how multiple interpretations of the rationale for change influence the success of the change effort† (p. 284-285). Some changed in resigned compliance, some in authentic willingness, and some â€Å"cognitively accepted espoused values in order to further their careers† (p. 85-286). Management might benefit from this insight by carefully selecting which company practices or values they wish to indoctrinate employee with, particularly if such practices do not relate directly to tasks associated with production and instead relate to rules on how employees might govern themselves socially or culturally within an organization; if laun ching a new effort to encourage the valuing of X, perhaps it would be wise for management to seek employees’ input on why everyone should value X in order to determine whether a consensus on the promotion’s rationale exists. This will help ensure that all employees are not only helping to move the company in the same direction, but are doing so for the same or perhaps, intended, reasons. Culture of Tradition A culture of tradition within an organization consists of a subset of individual cultural traditions or â€Å"shared symbolic system[s] which function in interaction† (Parsons, 1961, p. 11). A culture of tradition is a culture that engender s its participants with values that center on traditional or historically patterns of interaction, patterns that have come to exist through repeated practice carried out by members of the organization. If an organization comes to value tradition, it could be inferred that such an organization will devalue or sanction behaviors that encourage or work in support of change, behaviors that we have come to know as organizational defenses or defensive routines. As Tyndall (2012) suggests, â€Å" defensive routines are rewarded by most organizational cultures because routines indicate a sense of caring and concern for people† (p. 13). Further, Tyndall suggests that routines are often protected by the same people who prefer that such routines not exist. Rather than expose detrimental cultural practices, organizations prefer to keep them hidden so as to prevent exposure and embarrassment (p. 13). For the purpose of this paper, let us assume that organizational identity and organizational culture are interconnected. Santos and Eisenhardt (2005) point out that â€Å"organizational identity helps members make sense of their situation by clarifying the defining attributes and purpose of the organization, thereby reducing ambiguity and providing direction† (p. 500). If an organization’s current culture, a culture of tradition, is borne out of circumstances from fifty years ago, it can be inferred that there will a disconnect or lack of alignment between the direction the organization needs to be going in and the direction it actually is going in. Santos and Eisenhardt go on to suggest that: Organizational members actively perform collective sensemaking (Weick 1995) through which they gain awareness of new information, share interpretations of prior actions, and converge on the meaning of environmental changes and appropriate courses of action. p. 500). Assuming that employees are constantly being exposed to new information, but are inhibited on how to make use of or capitalize on such information because of the existence of cultural constraints, it will not only discourage innovation within the organization, but will also stymie employee’s desire to exercise creativity and engage with the organization. Ultimately, an organization s hould work to align its identity, culture, and activities it carries out (p. 00), maintain traditions that to not impinge on efficacy of essential processes, and foster an environment that embraces conflict and change (Trist, 1981, p. 47). Complete Concrete Systems Parson’s (1951) defines a complete concrete system of social action as consisting of a social system, the personality systems of the individual actors involved, and the cultural system which is built into such actors actions (p. 5-6). A cultural or social system is stagnant, unless the elements included therein are carried out through practice and action via an action system (p. 17). He further elaborates: A social system consists in plurality of individual actors interacting with each other in a situation which has at least a physical or environmental aspect, actors who are motivated in terms of a tendency to the ‘optimization of gratification’ and whose relation to their situations, including each other, is defined and mediated in terms of a system of culturally structured and shared symbols. p. 5-6). Parsons emphasizes the need to consider these three elements independently, as no one can be further reduced or ignored in the context of the general theory of action systems. In short, Parsons wishes to draw attention to the interplay that exists between personality, culture, and the society in which these elements exist; one cannot consider personality without also considering the context in which it exists or has been cultivated. As an organization develops its sense of self, it might also come to recognize the types of personalities that it supports and the types of personalities that it prefers not to engage. Once an organization is able to identify the types of personalities it attracts or tends to hire, it might then explore the question of why it is that these personalities â€Å"fit† the organization; it may be that the personalities hired within an organization are in fact not working in favor of the organization’s larger mission, but instead reflect historical cultural practices that actually work against the organization. The more that an organization is able to hone in on the types of personalities, behaviors, and the types of individuals that it is best suited to hire or from which it would benefit the most, the better able it will be to refine the organization’s culture and overall defining character. This is not to suggest that an organization should attempt to hire one type of personality, but it is to suggest that an organization should attempt to identify the types of personalities best uited for particular work units, roles within such work units, and conceive of ways to encourage hiring, training, and evaluation practices, that foster the development of such individuals rather than inhibit them. Agents within an organization should be mindful of the personalities with which they interact, particularly when presenting ideas to or interacting with decision-makers. Framing ideas in ways that appeal to decision-makers could prove advantageous and foster productive discourse. Symbolism Symbolism, or symbolic systems of meaning, come into existence as individual social actors engage with social objects (Parsons, 1951, p. 10). An actor comes to expect or associate certain actions with particular results through practice. The dynamic relationship between actions and the associations one comes to assign to particular actions exists through communication that is both implicit and explicit across an organization. Like culture, symbols come to exist by observing or partaking in patterns of behavior; if I do X, Y happens, or on a more simple level, if I sit on X, X is a chair. These expectations form â€Å"pattern consistency† (Parsons, 1951, p. 10), or logical consistency that enable people to transmit information to one another in ways that can be easily understood, whether this transmission is intentional or unintentional. These transmissions deliver messages to the receiver and it is these messages that come to form symbols. For these reason, symbols are highly subjective and based on the perception of the message’s recipient. Organizations must be mindful of the role that symbolism has in shaping the culture of an organization. Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchinson, & Sowa (1986) define perceived organizational support (POS) as â€Å"global beliefs about the extent to which the organization cares about [employees] well-being and values their contributions† (Fuller, Barnett, Hester, Relyea, 2003, p. 789). Research consistently shows that perceived organizational support (POS) is positively correlated with organizational commitment. In other words, the more an organization’s employees perceive themselves to be supported by an organization, the more likely it is that they will commit themselves to the organization and its mission. Further, when people perceive that their organization values and appreciates them, they interpret it symbolically to mean that the organization has respect for them or sees them as having a high status within their organization. Perceiving one’s self as having high status, Gardner & Pierce (1998) suggest, will likely encourage commitment to an organization; this encourages a person to believe themselves to be worthy of being an organizational member (Fuller, et al. , p. 790).